Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is an evolving technological field that merges graphical data with tabular information to tackle real-world challenges. Emerging around 1960, GIS began with the concept that maps could be stored digitally and modified as needed, a significant improvement over traditional hand-drawn maps, where even minor changes required creating entirely new versions. Early GIS, known as computer cartography, used simple lines to depict land features and introduced the concept of layering mapped elements to identify spatial patterns.
Today, GIS capabilities far surpass these beginnings. GIS serves as a sophisticated digital mapping tool, producing maps faster and enabling in-depth data analysis and modeling across numerous fields. It supports diverse applications, from habitat conservation to optimizing business site selection, by making use of spatial and attribute data. Spatial data refers to geographic locations, while attribute data provides additional details, such as names, capacities, or classifications tied to each location.
The integration of spatial and attribute data allows GIS to solve complex problems effectively. At its core, GIS includes mapping, but its true power lies in applying spatial and statistical analysis to provide insights, predictions, and prioritized solutions.
Learning GIS
Starting a successful GIS career begins with a solid educational foundation, including coursework in cartography, GIS, database management, and programming. Numerous GIS certificate programs now offer clear guidance on essential courses. Begin with an introductory course on GIS fundamentals, which provides a necessary overview before diving into advanced functionality. A cartography course is also invaluable, as understanding map-making techniques is crucial for creating effective spatial visualizations.
Learning GIS Software
Next, focus on courses that teach GIS applications using industry-specific software. Since ESRI products hold about 70% of the market, learning ArcView or ArcInfo is often beneficial for job readiness. Researching the software used by employers in your target area can also help guide your learning. Universities, online platforms, and satellite courses from software companies, like ESRI’s free online modules, offer access to software-specific training.
Advancing with Customization and Programming
As GIS evolves, the demand for customized applications grows. Many GIS tools allow for customization using programming languages, primarily object-oriented ones. If you specialize in ESRI products, gaining skills in Avenue and Visual Basic is advantageous. Knowledge of relational database management (RDBMS) is also essential due to the integration of spatial and tabular data, making SQL proficiency particularly useful.
Gaining Practical GIS Experience
Practical experience is invaluable in GIS. Internships offer hands-on training while giving employers cost-effective assistance with entry-level tasks. Real-world experience reinforces classroom knowledge, and many employers seek candidates with practical skills. To find internships, check with university geography or urban planning departments, or reach out directly to organizations of interest. Internships often serve as stepping stones to full-time roles in the field.